February 22, 2012 — New information from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) about how layered switching devices for novel computer memory systems work may now allow these structures to come to market sooner.
Switches based on transition-metal oxides have great potential as memory devices that retain their information even when the power is turned off. One type is made by stacking four different materials: a layer of copper and one of a metal oxide sandwiched between two metal layers that act as electrodes. Such systems can act as an on/off switch when a voltage is applied between the electrodes, but just why they behave as they do is a matter of debate.
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| Figure. When two electrodes (top and bottom layers) whose magnetic orientation is the same (indicated by arrows) are separated by thin layers of copper (orange) and tantalum oxide (blue), a filament of copper forms through the oxide when there is a potential difference of 1 to 1.5 volts across the electrodes. When the filament forms, current can flow easily between the two electrodes. The findings help solve the mystery of why the layered structure can form electronic switches that maintain their on/off state when the power is off. Credit: NIST |
Types of nonvolatile memory (NVM) already exist, but they do not yet perform well enough to function as the working memory of a computer’s central processor. If metal oxides can be perfected for this use, they could enable computers that boot up in seconds and use far less energy.
Also read: Printed non-volatile memory chip debuts
To study the switching mechanism, the NIST research team built its own version, but with a twist: They used ferromagnetic metals for the electrodes instead of the nonmagnetic metals typically used. They found that when an electric field is applied between the ferromagnetic electrodes, it causes the formation of tiny copper filaments that stretch through the metal-oxide layer. The filaments, about 16 nm long, are created or annihilated depending on the direction of the applied voltage through the electrodes, making or breaking the switch connection.
“The presence of such filaments is the only explanation that makes any sense as to why our structures make such good switches,” says Curt Richter of NIST’s Semiconductor Electronics Division.
One key to the team’s discovery was their use of the physics of spin — a quantum property of electrons that has two possible values, either up or down. From the top electrode, the team sent a current made of electrons that had a polarized spin state, and they found that their spin state had not changed by the time the electrons reached the bottom.
“Only if a filament made of high-quality copper formed would the spins maintain their state,” Richter says. “This finding was an end in itself, but it also suggests the layered structure could have applications in spintronics where electron spin is used to carry and process information.”
The findings are reported: H.-J. Jang, O.A. Kirillov, O.D. Jurchescu and C.A. Richter. Spin transport in memristive devices. Applied Physics Letters 100, 043510 (2012). DOI:10.1063/1.3679114, published online 26 January 2012.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Learn more at www.nist.gov.